Deposited fine sediment is the fine sand, silt and clay that settles on the bed of a river, and too much can impact a river's ecological health.
Macroinvertebrates are useful indicators of the ecological health of a river or stream.
Nitrogen is essential for growth of plants and animals. However, too much nitrogen in rivers can lead to algal blooms or extensive macrophyte growth.
Periphyton is the brown or green slime that grows on stones, wood or any other stable surfaces in streams and rivers.
Too much phosphorus in rivers can lead to eutrophication, which can cause algal blooms.
Poor water clarity can cause many adverse effects in rivers and streams.
E. coli is an indicator of faecal matter in a water body, which may present a health risk when people use the water for recreation.
Mahinga kai refers to traditional Māori food resources and the places they are found.
Elevated nitrate in groundwater can be a risk to human health and can contribute to eutrophication in rivers and streams that are fed by groundwater.
Total nitrogen is an indicator of the potential for eutrophication in lakes.
Elevated phosphorus in lakes can contribute to eutrophication, leading to algal blooms.
Water clarity in lakes is often called 'Secchi depth' because it is measured using a Secchi disk.
Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment found in plants and algae, including in phytoplankton (microscopic algae suspended in a water column).
Cost estimates for monitoring indicators of water quality and ecological health in rivers and lakes.
